Guide to the Black Oral History Interviews 1972-1974
CT 2

Mr. Banks came to Helena in 1917 from Alabama. Father a mechanic. Family background. Why he moved to Montana. Cousin in the calvary at Ft. Harrison, Montana. He planned to attend Carroll College but didn't. 

Attended the Southern Christian Institute in Edwards, Mississippi. Talks about playing baseball for them. 

There were quite a few blacks in Helena when he arrived --many were from the Army. Two black churches in Helena. Many other towns in Montana had black residents. Other forts in Montana. Ft. Harrison was mostly black soldiers. 

The Powers family of Helena were quite powerful. He doesn't remember any outstanding black families. Generally the blacks stuck to themselves. 

Not very much in the way of black social activities. 

Mrs. Banks was born in Montana--her father was born in Germany and was brought back to Montana by a Montana family. Her mother was French. Her family background. 

Joe Clark's Tonsorial Parlor and also did charocaty (dentist) work and massage work. More about Al Walton, the marshall. 

She worked checking wraps at the Montana Club. How they met. Black churches in Helena. 

Generally the blacks voted for whoever they thought the best man was. Doesn't recall any blacks running for office. 

His work for the highway department. 

Limited contact with Indians. Legend of York, a black settler who came with Lewis and Clark. Pompey's Pillar. 

Interview with an older woman about going to Jamaica for sugarcane. Talks about her mother and her marriage to a Portuguese man who was killed. 

One became a nurse and tells how she got interested in it. Attended nursing school in San Francisco, graduating in 1915. Trouble getting work. 

Other sister talks about getting nursing work. Their parents. Attending Catholic school in Seattle. 

She tells the story of her husband's grandfather Richard W. Bogle who came to the Northwest in 1835 or so. Ran away from Jamaica at age twelve to New York. Wagon train West. Story of the Waldo family. 

She has been in Boise since 1909. Born in Pueblo, Colorado. He came to Idaho in 1923. Family back-- grounds. How his family came out west from Missouri. 

There were no social clubs in the area that she remembers. Blacks lived throughout Boise. Many blacks owned their own places. There was not much social life except for visiting. 

They have no contact with relatives in the South. Other contacts with relatives. Recollections of other black families they knew in Boise. 

He talks about his work as a janitor for the Boise Overland Auto agency. Other janitorial jobs. Many blacks worked as waiters. Tom Brown owned a cleaning store in 1910 or so. 

Where blacks have moved to from Boise. Blacks in surrounding towns. 

They read the Chicago Defender and the Jet. They don't recall any black newspapers in the area. 

Family background--her father came from Mississippi to Spokane in 1890. He worked as a printer. Her uncle printed The Citizen. Her grandfather established the Calvary Baptist Church in Spokane. Several of her relatives were involved in owning and operatin 

Social conditions for blacks during her father's lifetime. Many blacks worked at the railroad station, the hotels, and the Spokane Club, a men's social club. Many had to work two jobs. 

Black politicians in the Pacific Northwest. Mr. Chase talks about why he came out to Spokane in 1934--there was more opportunity than in Texas. Change in attitude towards blacks and blacks themselves over the past 10 years. Hotel and restaurant accommodat 

He owns and operates a body and fender company. Other Negro businesses in town. 

Black organizations in town. Federation of Colored Women's Club. 

The Seattle Enterprise. The NAACP started in 1918 in Spokane. 

He talks about his decision to run for City Council in 1969. Spokane is very conservative and he advocated getting Federal aid. Talks about the campaign. He thinks he indirectly helped the City Council to establish the Housing Authority. 

Not many social outlets for blacks in Spokane. Many activities were integrated. 

She came to Portland in 1936 when she was married, from Richmond, Virginia. Talks about her husband's family from Texas. Courtship and marriage. 

Blacks were scattered throughout the town although all the black churches were in Montibelo. Many owned their own homes. 

She hasn't maintained many contacts with relatives. Other black families in Portland. Recreation. Politics. 

Feelings about living in Portland-its advantages and disadvantages. 

She came from Newton, Kansas in 1910. Family back-- ground. How she came to Seattle. She ran a little restaurant on Seneca for a couple of years. 

Black churches in Seattle. Her husband's family background. Work on the farm. She talks about her children. 

Entertainment--dances, church, picnics. Lodges in town. 

Her feelings about how children are raised differently nowadays. 

Her family background, From Mississippi and came to Washington in 1916. Her father worked for the rail-- road. Other blacks in Pasco. Most lived in railroad cars on the east side of town. Then they went to California and Chicago. Life in Chicago. They ret 

There were no black farmers in the area. Other black families in the area. He was from Chicago and came out to Pasco in 1944. He worked as a cook for the railroad in 1915 or s-o. The Great Northern paid more than the Pullman Company. He then went into the 

Their marriage. She had attended Whitman College. More about his businesses in Seattle and his associates. How he got his hardware business. Two colored lawyers in Seattle. He lost a lot of money on the hardware store. 

They returned to Pasco in 1944. He had pastored a rescue mission in Olympia until 1938 when the Lord told him he was evangelistic. They traveled contin-- uously until the gas rationing. Then he worked in order to get gas stamps. 

His activities with the Missionary Pentecostal Asso-- ciation until 1944. They worked more with white people than with colored when they were travelling evangelists. Black churches throughout the West. 

More about the NAACP. The whites in town wanted all the minorities on the east side of the RR tracks. The problems he had trying to build on the west side. Troubles with his lawyers. 

He has never been involved with politics. A rich man and a politician have no place in heaven. More about problems building in Pasco. He had a cafe in town, too, and fed some of the black workers on the Hanford project. Problems getting paid. Other proper 

Talks about the railroad and working with Turner, a redcap. Other families in the area. Her parents owned property in Pasco, too. 

She came to Seattle from Texas in 1947 to do graduate work at University of Washington. She was an only child. Schooling in Texas. Family background. Talks about her teaching in Texas. 

Travelling on the train first-class from Dallas. Problems with discrimination. 

Black businesses in Seattle. Black undertaker did a good job. She and her husband lived in a large mansion in Seattle that another woman owned. Church club meetings in the house. 

Teaching in the Seattle area. Not many blacks went on to college. 

More about teaching. Clothing styles in the 401s. She was always "smartly dressed." other blacks who dressed well. 

Teaching union. Trouble with discrimination when going on conventions. Other black teachers hired after her. 

She generally kept up with what other blacks in the area were doing. She feels communication among blacks is better now. She tried to keep up with the black journals and newspapers. She maintained contacts with people she worked with in the South. 

Her feelings about living in Seattle and the cooperation blacks have received. Discipline in the schools has been a problem. 

Born in Virginia near where Lee surrendered. Story of her aunt being visited by Robert E. Lee and Ulysses S. Grant. Family background. 

She worked at the Four Jacks Club as a waitress. Other jobs. Two black churches when she moved to Butte, a Methodist and a Baptist. Other Negro social clubs. 

Well-known blacks in Butte. Her family and their accomplishments. She maintains contact with relatives in Virginia. 

NAACP Chapter in town. 

She talks about her husband's work. She reads from an article about him. 

The black servants were generally well-treated by their white employers. Names of some of the rich families. Blacks who worked in local government. 

Blacks in surrounding areas. Publications they read to keep up with black activities in other places. Her daughter talks a bit about working for the Amsterdam News. 

Feelings about living in Butte. Her daughter also talks about life in Butte. 

Family background. How his parents came to Butte. His father was a podiatrist. 

Black Mason organization. Other black social clubs. Most of the blacks lived in the central part of town. Many owned their own property. 

His schooling in Butte. Schoolmates and their accomplishments. His children and their accomplish-- ments. Maintains contacts with relatives in Wash-- ington, D.C. 

More about his father's education and professions. National organization for podiatrists. 

Talks about why the black population has decreased in Butte. He feels it is partly due to prejudice. Not many black miners until WW II. Pit mining. Places blacks moved--many went to the shipyards in Seattle. 

He was impressed by Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong as a child. Associations with other minorities; underworld Chinese. 

Talks about George Washington, a local pioneer. He was raised by a black woman in Michigan. Other blacks in Centralia; Stacy Kunos. 

Talks about coming West. The railroad started in 1889. Immigrant trains. His schooling. 

George Bush, another pioneer in the area. Washington died in 1935. More about George Washington and his children. 

How George Washington saved the town. He was very generaous in selling the land he owned. He was part Jewish. Talks about some of the pictures he has. 

Has lived in Clarkston since 1919. Family background. How his parents met and moved to Montana. His father worked with horses. 

He practically grew up on a horse. He was taught to ride race horses. Various jobs his father held. Talks about his work as a trainer. He was too tall to be a jockey. Talks about the savvy it takes to be a jockey. He won races all over the Pacific Northwe 

Training saddle horses. He always worked by contract. He trained many winning horses. Racing in California. 

Eventually settled in Clarkston in 1919. More about horses he trained in Clarkston. Story of a race in Seattle. 

Talks about his wife, a Umatilla-French woman who died during childbirth. His son is also dead. 

Other jobs he worked--porter, part-time help window washing. 

Other ethnic groups in the area. In California he worked with a lot of Mexicans. Many Indians in the area. 

His feelings about living in the Northwest. 

She talks about how much of her history has been lost. Discussion about blacks who lost their black identities when they came West. 

Talk about Corfu, a black community in the area. General discussion about George Washington and other black families. Story of some blacks who struck gold. 

Black barbershops in Yakima. He saw possibilities for work in Yakima. How he came to Yakima. All of his brothers eventually came out, too. Other jobs he had. 

Talks about his family history. His father was a black- smith. How his father made his own tools. Shows pictures of his family. 

General discussion about friends. She talks about her father and family background. 

Family background. Father born in Seattle, mother from Nashville. Talks about growing up in Seattle. Parents worked for the post office. Other jobs. 

The Hendrix family. Other social clubs. Grandfather's activity in Republican Party. Many blacks lined up with leftist concerns. 

Black businesses in Seattle. 

Sports activities. Carver AC's an all-black baseball team. Other social activities. Black music. 

Problems blacks had in Seattle. Unions. Jobs available for blacks. 

Books his family reads to keep up with black activities and history. Black newspapers. 

Thoughts about growing up in Seattle. Most of his friends were white. As he got older he started to realize discrimination against him. Feelings about discrimina-- tion and how difficult it is to deal with. 

Talks about his parents and their feelings about being black. 

Family background. Early life, high school in Spokane. Attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. in the early 20's. Father was a railroad worker. How his parents got married. There were no good jobs for her parents who both had been schoolteachers i 

Black social clubs. YMCA and YWCA. The Coleman family. 

Black businesses she recalls. The Gross family. Black community leaders. Rosten and the Marine Association. Names other blacks she remembers. 

Clothing styles. Describes her wedding dress. Zoot suits. 

Famous black musicians and dancers. 

Many blacks turned from Republican to Democratic. Black politicians. 

Black political and civil rights organizations. Other minority groups. 

Talks a bit about the older folks who lived in Seattle. Family structure. More about clothing styles. 

He came to Portland in 1930. She arrived in 1933. Family backgrounds. 

Black social clubs. Blacks lived in all parts of Portland. 

NAACP and the Urban League. Black community and business leaders in Portland. When the war started many blacks moved into the community. 

He talks about his job working for various oil companies. Entertainment. Famous black singers and dancers. More about black clubs. 

Many blacks left Portland. They know a few blacks in other states. How they find out about black activities elsewhere. 

Their feelings about living in Portland. Jobs blacks have now. 

He came to Pasco in 1943 from Kansas. Growth of Pasco. Other black families in town when he arrived. Black churches. 

He was fired in 1943 but eventually got another job. wages and opportunities were better here than in Kansas. 

Well-known blacks in the community. Clothing styles. 

The union. There were some black officers. Black politicians. Most blacks were Democrats. 

Black newspapers. Contact with other ethnic groups was limited. There were many racial incidents in the 40's. Very few black supervisors. 

Why he decided to leave Kansas. Talks about the different places he has lived in Pasco. He owned a hotel for 20 years. 

Art Fletcher, a well-known community leader and politician. Blackco-op. Many had stock in the co-op service station. Black insurance companies. 

Father worked for railroad in Virginia. Came to Washington in 1898. Family background. Father's stories about a Confederate soldier. 

He played piano. Other black musicians in the area. Enter-- tainment in the local tavern. Bootleg whiskey. Black baseball teams. 

Blacks in the mines in Roslyn. Black population in Roslyn. Most blacks left when the mines shut down in the early 30's. He hoboed back east and eventually got married in 1926 after leaving the mines. 

Company store in Roslyn. 

Indians in the area. Discrimination against Chinese. Black settlers. Black athletes. Blacks in WWI. 

More about the mine--most of the bosses were white. Mining equipment. 

Feelings about what it was and is like to be a black living in Roslyn and in Yakima. Talks about working in Yakima. (His wife talks but is too far away from the microphone to be understood.) 

Black families in Yakima. General discussion about black oldtimers and the need for this kind of collection. 

Segregation came about as a result of attitudes of many Southern settlers. Discrimination when he worked in the mines in Roslyn. Problems at the cannery where she worked. Their daughter and her accomplishments. 

Her activities in politics. They were Democrats and never were involved with the Republicans. Their son. 

His parents were from Minneapolis. He was born here. How his parents met and married. Family background. 

Jimmy Dorsey, a successful black lawyer from Missoula. Maintains contacts with relatives. Other black families. Black athletes. Famous blacks that came through the area. 

The black population has really decreased in Missoula. Job opportunities better elsewhere. Blacks in neighboring towns. Black newspapers and magazines. 

His feelings about his life and experiences in Missoula. More about when blacks started moving out of Missoula. 

Came out west in 1903. They got a homestead in 1910. How they got their homestead. 

Clearing the land. Chores before going to school. Chopping wood. 

Farming equipment was all horse-drawn. How they expanded their land holdings. He took over the farm in 1927 when his father died. 

Prices during the first World War. Talks more about their land. 

Why their parents decided to move out West from North Carolina. 

Going to Farmington, WA. No other Negroes in the area. A few lived in Coeur d'Alene. Other blacks he knew of. 

A little contact with local Indians. Not many other ethnic groups in the area. Farm work and equipment. 

He came to Twin Falls at the age of 24 from Oklahoma City. Working on the railroad. 

Talks about the various jobs he has held. Black children in the local schools. Another Negro business. Other black families. 

Entertainment. Black club in town. Famous black singers and dancers who came through town. Black athletes. 

Most of the blacks- are Democrats. He doesn't talk politics much because Idaho is a Republican state. 

Black farmer in the area. Not much contact with ethnic groups in the area. Black soldiers in the area. 

Stump ranching in northern Idaho. He worked for I.A. Brown. 

More about the blacks in Spokane. She talks about her family. Her early religious upbringing. Calvary Baptist Church in Spokane. 

Why he decided to homestead where he did. 

He had his own horses and started raising oats, barley, and potatoes. He also helped his brothers. Getting stumps out of the ground. Raising cattle. 

Hard to start a new farm now. The local Indians. Land has increased in value tremendously since they bought their land. 

Farm equipment and land. Pat Walsh, the railroad inspector. Well-to-do blacks in Spokane. 

They like living in the country. Wildlife in the area. 

This tape is William King talking generally about the King's early life in northern Idaho. There is considerable background buzzing and some of the tape is completely inaudible. 

His parents came by train from Memphis in 1892. Family background. Early Great Falls--sporting girls and cow punchers. Father first worked as a janitor. 

Black social clubs. There were not enough colored men in town to organize anything. No Negro section of town. Other black businesses. 

He is in close contact with other relatives. Large black families in the area. Sports activities. Entertainment. Shows that came through town. 

Most blacks were Democrats. Black politicians and government workers. Blacks left the city for work elsewhere. 

He didn't care for the Chicago Defender. 

His experiences and feelings about living in Great Falls. He loves the mountains and the climate. Hunting and fishing. 

Came to Portland in 1929 from Texas. Family background. He was a railroad worker. 

Well-known blacks in the area. NAACP. He has one daughter who attended school in Portland. Maintains contact with relatives in Texas. 

Blacks coming into Portland during World War II. Most blacks were Republican through the 30's. Black politicians. Ship-- yard work, during WW II. 

He still thinks lots of new blacks come into Portland. Knows blacks in surrounding areas. 

One school named after a black. No contact with other ethnic groups. Feelings about living in Portland. 

More about work in the NAACP. 

He went to work at Hanford in 1942 from Louisiana. Other work. Travelled around and settled in Hermiston in 1949. Wife did housework and workpd for telephone company. 

Why he came out to the North-west. He helped to start the first black church in Hermiston. How the church got started. Reverend Banks. Church attendance now. 

Blacks live all over town. In the 50's most lived in the west part of town. Not many own property. 

Major industries in Hermiston now. Job opportunities for blacks. She talks about her job. 

The Smith family. Other forms of entertainment for blacks. 

How they find out about blacks in other areas. Many blacks worked with Mexican-Americans. 

Mr. Maney's mother talks about her family background. Her grandfather moved to Montana. 

Black social clubs and organizations. Black businesses. Many railroad workers from the South. Other job opportunities for blacks. 

Mr. Maney's mother talks about growing up black in Montana. They maintain much contact with relatives. Other black families in Portland. 

More about the effect of WW II on black population in Portland. Blacks in high school in 40's and 50's. Opportunities for blacks in the 40's and 50's. 

Most blacks were Democrats. Black politicians. Blacks in government jobs. 

Not much contact with other ethnic groups. 

Talks a bit about his grandfather's experience with the Ku Klux Klan. 

Family background. Father from Tennessee. Parents settled in Missoula around 1919 or so. Black churches in Missoula. Not any black clubs. 

Black sports. Jim Dorsey, a black lawyer. Rheinhardt was a well-known athlete. Other entertainment for blacks. Famous blacks who came through town. 

Many blacks were stationed at Ft. Missoula in the 1890's. Many of their descendants settled in Missoula. 

Blacks in surrounding areas. How they found out what blacks were doing in surrounding areas. 

Her feelings about living in Missoula. 

His father was a stonemason who came to Seattle from Kansas. They were originally from North Carolina. Black churches. 

A few black businesses--barbershops and hand laundries. School districting. Blacks in schools. Well-known blacks from the area. 

Black apartment houses in Seattle. 

Clothing styles. Show people and travelling salesmen often wore the latest styles. 

Other forms of entertainment for blacks. Dances. Vaudeville acts. Black YMCA and black YWCA. 

Whites wouldn't take Negros into the union. His father had trouble finding work. Story of building a hotel with Byrd, a black. In 1927 the brickmasons started accepting blacks. 

More about his father's work building breweries. Working at the gasworks. When the strike came many blacks went to work at the coal mines. Blacks moved out of the area as other jobs opened up. 

Trouble with Scandanavians and Swedes who refused to work with blacks. No trouble with black soldiers. No black transient workers. 

He tells why he moved to Pendleton. Family background. Black churches in LaGrande and Walla Walla. 

Black population in Pendleton is quite small. Blacks live all over town. Job opportunities. 

Black businesses. Entertainment. Athletics. The rodeo. 

Black government workers. 

Travelling in the area. Blacks she knows in surrounding area. Families in town. 

Their feelings about living in the Northwest. Job opportunities opening up although there aren't any factories. 

Came from North Carolina by train. Black churches. Other organ-- izations--NAACP. 

Father was very strict. Churchwork quite important. Schooling. 

Her marriage. 

Clothing styles. Why people decided to move out West from the South. Her husband talks a bit about his early life (This is hard to understand). He talks about his experiences in World War II. 

Unintelligible. 

Came to Seattle in 1909 from Jamaica. (He is very difficult to understand). Other work he has done in the Northwest. Why he decided to settle in Seattle. 

Family background. Born in Manchester, Jamaica, Other Jamaicans he knew in Seattle. Marcus Garvey, well-known black from Jamaica. Other famous blacks who visited Seattle. 

Black clubs and lodges. 

More about Mr. Gross. Mr. Woodson who owned property in Spokane. 

Working on a ship. Trip to the Orient. Story of having a good time in Shanghai. 

His marriage in 1916. How he met his wife. Their children. Not much contact with relatives. 

Black baseball teams. T.S. Barnette. 

Work as a deputy sheriff. Politics. He later worked for the Post Office. 

Famous black singers and dancers from Seattle. Ray Charles and Quincy Jones. All the churches had good choirs. Other well-known blacks. 

Politics. Young Man's Democratic Club. He organized other Democratic Clubs. Democratic Club activities. Other political clubs. 

Policemen in 1919 or so. Other blacks in government jobs. 

Many blacks from the South. Other black families he remembers. Many blacks moved to California. Mr. Porter. 

Not too much contact with other minorities. 

Family background. Father came to Roslyn as strike-breaker from Virginia. Later moved to mining area in Franklin in King County. Black social clubs. 

How her parents happened to come out to the Northwest. There were a few mixed marriages in Roslyn. Blacks in other areas. Cleone and Barnette. Black families in the Yakima area. Corfu, the black community on the Columbia. 

No problem with discrimination. Schooling. Black miners. Ravensdale, a black mining community in King County. 

Not many political activities that she recalls. 

Negro population in Spokane was very small until World War II. Her family owned an orchard. The decline of the company. 

Black social clubs. Many blacks owned their own property. Ideas about black stereotypes. Black intellectuals in the community. 

She shows some photographs of family and friends and talks about them. 

Family background. Originally from Louisiana. Permanently settled in Seattle in 1936 after being in the Army. Education. 

Most blacks were Democrats. Black public officials and government workers. 

Feelings about more blacks being elected to office. He's never regretted going into politics. 

His feelings about living in the Northwest. Progress blacks have made in Seattle. The rest of this tape is another interview with an unidentified man and woman. 

Came to Boise in 1943 from Tennessee. Family background. Story of Wallace Cooky (sp?) , a white contractor who convinced her sister to move out West. 

After four years of working on another ranch, they bought their own place. Convincing their husbands to buy the place. 

No black social clubs. Other black families in the area. 

They often visited back in Tennessee. Other relatives. Enter-- tainment. Organized some social clubs. Going to the show. 

Blacks lived all over Boise. Many soldiers and their wives lived in Boise. Blacks in surrounding areas. Keeping up with black activities. 

Feelings about living in Idaho. Always felt comfortable in Boise. 

How she came to move to Roslyn. Reverend Brown's church. Other churches. Visiting relatives back East. 

Not much problem with discrimination. Social Life. 

Talks about her brother and living in British Columbia. 

Parents migrated to Washington from Indiana and Mississippi in the late 1800's. Family background. Problems his grandmother had in Indianapolis. Father a longshoreman. 

Many blacks and other foreigners lived in the central area of Tacoma. Black politicians. Other black officials and government workers. Job opportunities for blacks--most on the waterfront; no professionals. 

Wife's family came from Mississippi in 1924 or so. Story of them being ordered out of Mississippi. 

Some blacks joined unions. Many longshoremen joined the union. He talks about the development of the union movement. Blacks involved in the union. 

More about black soldiers. More came during the Korean War. GI Bill helped many blacks to go to school. Many middle-class blacks in the Northwest. Many whites did not like the influx of blacks. No outright discrimination but police brutality was not uncom 

Talks about his involvement in Indian fishing rights demonstra-- tions. His work as a lawyer--arguing cases before the Supreme Court. 

More about Indian confrontations over fishing rights. He has been involved with this problem since 1964. 

His campaign for governor in 1968. His campaign platform. Work with the NAACP made him politically sophisticated. More about friendship with Jackson. Jackson's Politics. 

Bush Prarie named after a black who travelled with Lewis and Clark. Contact with other ethnic groups was minimal. Black soldiers. 

She has been in Boise since 1932. He was born in Boise in 1909, Family background. Her family travelled with Brigham Young to Utah. 

No segregation in the schools. Blacks in the schools. Well- known blacks from the community. 

Job opportunities for blacks have opened up. Many worked for hotels in town. Many rich people in Boise. 

Blacks in surrounding areas. Contact with other ethnic groups. Tracy Thompson, the cowboy. 

Sources for his thesis on George Bush, a black pioneer. How he got interested in black history. 

Difficulty in tracing the Bush family tree. Trouble with research on George Bush who was relatively unknown. Bush's personality. 

Disposition of the Bush family possessions. Relationship of the Bush settlement with the Indians was always good. No diaries of the family. 

Simms, the postmaster and Indian agent and his relationship with Bush. Trouble Bush had getting a clear title to his home-- stead. Laws passed about blacks in 1843. 

Legislative manual first published in 1889. It has a biographical sketch of George Bush. Others who might have information on Bush. General talk about other information sources. 

George Washington, a black in Centralia, and Bush getting confused. Problems between Eastern and Western Washington. 

Came to Pocatello in 1919. Originally from Missouri. Travelled around with her husband, a rodeo rider. Courtship and marriage. 4 - 5 More about her husbad's love to ride horses. Killed in Bozeman 

Black church in Pocatello. Quite a few blacks in the community. Church activities. Black social clubs and organizations. Many blacks have moved now. 

Well-known blacks in Pocatello. 

Entertainment. Son played baseball with a white team in the early, 20's. Famous singers and dancers that came through. 

Blacks in politics. Many blacks were Democrats. Bothparties tried to attract the black vote. 

She had 10 children. Talks about the 6 who are living and where they are now. 

Other black cowboys in the Northwest. George Fletcher. 

Feelings about living in the Northwest. Job and educational opportunities are good. 

He came from Texas when he was 13. She's been in Montana since 1923. Family backgrounds. 

Well-known blacks from the area. Contact with relatives outside of Montana. Other black families. 

His work as a janitor for 42 years. Jobs blacks had. 

Blacks in surrounding towns. No contact with other minorities. 

Family backgrounds. Their family was from Missouri. 

All the early pioneers owned their own homes. Other black families in the area. Black businesses. 

His work on a ranch and later in a bank. City sites named after blacks. 

Their son, Henry, became a prominent boxer--how he got started. He became lightweight champion of the Pacific Northwest. Story of his son catching a freight train to California when he was 16. 

Jobs blacks have in Yakima. Black population in the Yakima Valley. The Jones family, a black singing group. Black baseball team. Black athletes. 

Has lived in Boise since 1958. His feelings about racism and dis-- crimination in the Northwest. A qualified black has always been able to find work. Changes in Boise. 

Black organizations and clubs. Not many blacks involved in politics. Leroy Jones, a black lawyer. 

Blacks live all over town. A few discrimination problems. 

More about problems starting businesses owned by blacks. 

Black athletes in the area. Other forms of entertainment. Belinda Hubbard, a singer from the area. He has played saxophone for various bands. 

Many resources available to blacks in the Boise area although he feels they are not taken advantage of. 

He came to Portland in 1947 from Texas. He did a lot of odd jobs at first. Family background. 

Vanport, a black community between Vancouver and Portland. Most blacks lived in Albina area. Vanport flood in 1948. Not many black businesses. 

Kept in close contact with relatives in Texas. Entertainment for blacks. Black baseball teams. 

Most blacks are Democrats. Blacks in county and city jobs. Black politicians. 

City sites named after blacks. Black doctors in town.